Technology serves as an incredible amplifier of human capabilities. From the telephone enabling us to communicate across distances to the speed of a train compared to walking, technology has always enhanced what we can do. A robotic exoskeleton is a direct enhancement of human abilities, allowing users to lift heavier loads, overcome locomotor constraints, and complete tasks more efficiently. This technology has a promising future, with a projected market value of $7.3 billion by 2030 according to ABI Research.
A recent breakthrough from researchers at Simon Fraser University in Canada showcases a human exoskeleton that can interpret brain waves and translate them into physical movement. This innovation allowed a woman paralyzed in both legs since 2015 to walk again after years of being wheelchair-bound. Will transformative applications like this become more common in the future? What lies ahead for this evolving technology?
This article covers the following topics:
What is a robotic exoskeleton?
Technically, a robotic exoskeleton is a wearable mechanical device designed to externally enhance physical capabilities, aimed at preventing injury, increasing strength, or improving mobility. Its name comes from its resemblance to an external skeleton, similar to the protective shells found in invertebrates such as underwater arthropods or land-dwelling Coleoptera.
In the animal kingdom, the term “exoskeleton” is often used to describe the protective shell of invertebrates like arthropods underwater or Coleoptera on land, which safeguard their soft tissues from predators or environmental elements.
Types of exoskeleton
Exoskeletons can be categorized based on the type of material they are made of – soft, rigid, or hybrid – and the part of the body they assist:
- Lower extremities: Aid in faster movement or leg rehabilitation.
- Upper extremities: Assist in lifting weights in industrial settings and restoring arm mobility.
- Full body: Offer comprehensive support to the back, arms, and legs, especially beneficial in medical or industrial environments.
Primary technologies
Active exoskeletons, equipped with motors, sensors, and control systems that respond to the user’s movements, are the focus here. These devices use hydraulic and pneumatic systems, as well as servomotors, to assist the user based on their needs. With the use of batteries, they can provide several hours of autonomy. As technology progresses, exoskeletons are becoming lighter, more efficient, and more versatile, with full-body models expected to integrate with smart textiles to aid users in their daily activities.
Main applications
Although still in its early stages, human exoskeleton technology shows significant potential across various sectors:
- Construction: Interest in this field is growing, with machines that enable operators to lift up to 90 kilograms effortlessly. There are already building materials inspired by animal exoskeletons.
- Healthcare: Exoskeletons are expected to benefit individuals with neuromuscular diseases and those undergoing rehabilitation, complementing advancements in prostheses and biomedicine materials.
- Senior citizens: Elderly individuals can use exoskeletons in daily tasks like shopping or lifting objects at home, reducing the risk of falls and injuries.
- Sports: Some devices are being developed to enhance muscle work and leg propulsion, illustrating the potential application of exoskeleton technology in sports.
How much will they cost?
The initial cost of robotic exoskeletons, primarily designed for healthcare and industry, ranges from $5,000 for passive models to $100,000 for advanced full-body models. As technology advances and matures, costs are expected to decrease, aligning with projections from consulting firms. In the future, exoskeletons may become a commonplace tool, akin to cell phones or augmented reality glasses.
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