Ms Duffy called for a strategy on AI after an independent curriculum and assessment review said it would consider reducing the “overall volume of assessment” at GCSE.
An interim report, published in March, said the review had heard about the “risks” to standards and fairness concerning AI in relation to coursework.
The review, which was chaired by education expert Becky Francis, will publish its final recommendations in the autumn.
Ms Duffy said the findings should be seen as a challenge to find a way to “adapt coursework so it is fit for the AI century”.
“AI is already in our schools and is not going away,” she said.
“A co-ordinated national strategy, with funding to ensure no schools are left behind, will build public confidence in its transformational potential.
“[AI] enables us to test different skills, and to reduce the intense volume of exams taken at 16.”
The YouGov survey, which was carried out in June, suggested more than three in five UK adults also oppose teachers using AI to mark coursework, but 27% support it.
